Open navigation
Skip to main content
National Fire Prevention Association
CloseClose Menu BACK
  • Codes & Standards
    • All codes & standardsToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • List of NFPA codes & standards
      • Buy NFPA codes and standards
      • Handbooks
      • Translated products
      • Free access
    • Digital subscriptionsToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • NFPA LiNK®
      • Free 14-day NFPA LiNK® trial
      • National Fire Codes® Subscription Service
    • Standards developmentToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • How the process works
      • Regulations and policies
      • Standards Council
      • Technical Meeting
      • Technical Committees
      • NFPA News
      • Disclaimers
      • The value of Standards Development Organizations
    • ResourcesToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • CodeFinder®
      • Technical questions
      • Terminology
      • Glossary of Terms
      • Standards in action
  • Solutions
    • By topicToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • Building & Life Safety
      • Certification
      • Construction Fire Safety
      • Electrical
      • Electrical Workplace Safety
      • Emergency Responders
      • Fire Protection Systems
      • Industrial Hazards
    • By regionToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • Latin America
      • MENA
      • MENA (Arabic)
  • News & Research
    • Data, research, and toolsToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • US fire problem
      • Building and life safety
      • Detection and signaling
      • Electrical
      • Emergency responders
      • Hazardous materials
      • Suppression
      • Wildland urban interface
      • Proceedings
      • NFPA Data Lab
    • ResourcesToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • For emergency responders
      • Fire Protection Research Foundation
      • Community Risk Reduction (CRR)
      • Library & Archives
      • Fire education programs
    • Publications and mediaToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • NFPA Journal®
      • NFPA Journal® Latinoamericano
      • NFPA blogs
      • Press Room
      • NFPA Xchange™
      • Sign up for NFPA Network
      • The NFPA Podcast
      • Advertising
  • Training & Certification
    • Training by topicToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • Active shooter/Hostile event response
      • Alternative Fuel Vehicles Safety Training
      • Building and life safety
      • Electrical
      • Emergency response
      • Fire protection systems
      • Health care
      • Reducing Wildfire Risk to People and Property
      • Wildfire hazards and mitigation
      • Hot work
      • Industrial hazards
    • Training by typeToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • Online Learning
      • Live Virtual Training
      • Training with Digital Badge
      • Certification Learning Paths
      • Group Training
      • State-approved NEC® and NFPA 70E® electrical online training
      • Webinars
    • CertificationToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • Choose your program
      • CFPS Learning Paths
      • CFI Learning Paths
      • CFPE Learning Paths
      • CWBSP Learning Paths
      • WBITM Learning Paths
      • Certification for Electrical Safety in the Workplace
    • ResourcesToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • Continuing Education Units
      • Learning Portal features
  • Public Education
    • Fire causes & risksToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • Top fire causes
      • Regional risks
      • Seasonal fire causes
      • Specific groups at risk
      • Behavioral risks
      • Wildfire
      • E-bikes and e-scooters
    • Staying safeToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • Safety equipment
      • Preparedness
      • Safety in living and entertainment spaces
      • Electrical safety around water
    • Teaching toolsToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • Safety tip sheets
      • Sparky School House (for teachers)
      • Lesson plans
      • Educational messaging
      • Learn Not to Burn program
      • Remembering When program
      • Community tool kits
      • Canadian fire education materials
      • Sparky the Fire Dog®
      • Video playlist
    • Connect with usToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • Contact us
      • Blog
      • NFPA Network newsletter
      • Using our content
  • Membership
    • NFPA membership forToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • Individuals
      • Students and apprentices
      • Electrical inspection
      • Renew your membership
    • Membership resourcesToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • Member logos
      • Member Sections
      • Technical questions
    • Membership publicationsToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • NFPA Journal®
      • Fire Technology
  • Events
    • Upcoming eventsToggle this sub-menu open or closed
      • NFPA Conference & Expo
      • Technical Meeting
      • Wildfire Community Preparedness Day
      • Fire Prevention Week
  • Sign In
  • Cart (0)
News & Research
News & Research
  • News & Research
  • Data, research, and toolsExpand sub-navigation
    • US fire problemExpand sub-navigation
      • Christmas tree fires
      • Fire death rates by state
      • Fireworks fires and injuries
      • Review of Impact of Medications on Older Adult Fall and Fire Risk
      • Fire loss in the United States
      • Total Cost of Fire in the United States
      • Trends and patterns of U.S. fire losses
      • Fires by occupancy or Property Type
      • Catastrophic multiple-death firesExpand sub-navigation
        • Homes fires with ten or more fatalities table
        • Deadliest fires and explosions by property class table
        • Deadliest single building or complex fires and explosions in the U.S. table
        • Deadliest fires in apartment buildings
        • Deadliest fires and explosions in U.S. history table
        • Deadliest fires or explosions in the world table
        • Deadliest fires in retail properties since 1970
      • Environmental Impact of Fires in the Built Environment
      • Fire experience by region
      • Home Grill Fires
      • Electrical fires
      • Home cooking fires
      • Home Heating Fires
      • Home Fires That Began with Upholstered Furniture
      • Home fires involving clothes dryers and washing machines
      • Intentional structure fires
      • Structure Fires Started by Hot Work
      • Playing with fire
      • Lightning Fires and Lightning Strikes
      • Home Fires Started by Smoking
      • Home fire victims by age and gender
      • Physical disability as a factor in home fire deaths
    • Building and life safetyExpand sub-navigation
      • A Review of Dynamic Directional Exit Signage: Challenges and Perspectives
      • Digitized Fuel Load Survey Methodology Using Machine Vision
      • High Rise Buildings with Combustible Exterior Wall Assemblies: Fire Risk Assessment Tool
      • Modern Vehicle Hazards in Parking Garages & Vehicle Carriers
      • Railing Height, Design and Criteria Review
      • Service or Gas Station Fires
      • Fire in Industrial or Manufacturing Properties
      • Home Structure Fires
      • Fires in Structures Under Construction
      • Structure Fires in Eating and Drinking Establishments
      • Structure Fires in SchoolsExpand sub-navigation
        • US school fires, grades K-12, with 10 or more deaths
      • Fires in health care facilities
      • Structure Fires in Dormitories, Fraternities, Sororities and Barracks
      • Vacant building fires
      • High-rise building fires
      • Warehouse Structure Fires
      • Hotel and Motel Structure Fires
      • Structure Fires in Residential Board and Care Facilities
      • Structure Fires in Stores and Other Mercantile Properties
      • Fires at Outside Storage Tanks
      • Manufactured Home Fires
      • U.S. Structure Fires in Office Properties
      • U.S. Structure Fires in Religious and Funeral Properties
      • Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood BuildingsExpand sub-navigation
        • Phase 2: Task 1 - Literature Review
        • Phase 2: Tasks 2 & 3 – Development and Implementation of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Compartment Fire Tests
        • Phase 2: Task 4 – Engineering Analysis and Computer Simulations
        • Phase 2: Task 5 – Experimental Study of Delamination of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) in Fire
      • Chimney Top Devices in International Codes
      • Impact of Chimney-top Appurtenances on Flue Gas Flow
      • Mass Evacuation and Sheltering
      • Egress Modelling in health Care Occupancies
      • Total Evac Systems for Tall Buildings Literature Review
      • Total evacuation systems for tall buildings
      • Pilot Evaluation of the Remembering When™ Program in Five Communities in Iowa
      • Aircraft Loading Walkways Literature and Information Review
      • Evaluating Occupant Load Factors for Ambulatory Health Care Facilities
      • Determining Self-Preservation Capability in Pre-School Children
      • Disaster Resiliency and NFPA Codes and Standards
      • Validation of the Fire Safety Evaluation System in the 2013 Edition of NFPA 101A
      • Non-Fire Hazard Provisions in NFPA Codes and Standards: A Literature Review
      • Fire Safety Challenges of Green Buildings
      • Archived reports - Building and life safety
    • Detection and signalingExpand sub-navigation
      • Audible Alarm Signal Waking Effectiveness: Literature Review
      • Carbon Monoxide Incidents: A Review of the Data Landscape
      • Combustible Gas Dispersion in Residential Occupancies and Detector Location Analysis
      • Door Messaging Strategies: Implications for Detection and Notification
      • Evaluation of the Responsiveness of Occupants to Fire Alarms in Buildings: Phase 1
      • Review of Alarm Technologies for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Populations
      • Smoke Detector Spacing for High Ceiling Spaces
      • Smoke Alarms in U.S. Home Fires
      • Smoke Alarm Nuisance Source Characterization: Experimental Results
      • Smoke Alarm Nuisance Source Characterization Phase 1
      • Fire Alarms and At Risk Populations
      • Fire Alarms and People with ASD: A Literature Summary
      • Guidance Document: Emergency Communication Strategies for Buildings
      • Parameters for Indirect Viewing of Visual Signals USed in Emergency Notification
      • Carbon Monoxide Diffusion through Porous Walls: A Critical Review of Literature and Incidents
      • Carbon Monoxide Toxicology: Overview of Altitude Effects on the Uptake and Dissociation of COHb and Oxygen in Human Blood
      • Archived reports - Detection and signaling
    • ElectricalExpand sub-navigation
      • Electric Circuit Data Collection: An Analysis of Health Care Facilities
      • Home Electrical Fires
      • Fire resistance of concrete for electrical conductors
      • Non-Home Electrical Fires
      • Static Electricity Incident Review
      • Fatal electrical injuries at work
      • Fatal Electrical Injuries of Contract Workers
      • Non-Fatal Electrical Injuries at Work
      • Non-Fire Electrical Incidents
      • Occupational Injuries from Electrical Shock and Arc Flash Events
      • Marina Risk Reduction
      • Assessment of Hazardous Voltage/Current in Marinas, Boatyards and Floating Buildings
      • Emergency Response to Incident Involving Electric Vehicle Battery Hazards
      • Electric/Hybrid Vehicle Safety Training for Emergency Responders
      • Development of Fire Mitigations Solutions for PV Systems Installed on Building Roofs - Phase 1
      • Evaluation of Electrical Feeder and Branch Circuit Loading: Phase 1
      • Electronic cigarette explosions and fires
      • Data Assessment for Electrical Surge Protection Devices
      • Analytical Modeling of Pan and Oil Heating On an Electric Coil Cooktop
      • Development of Standardized Cooking Fires for Evaluation of Prevention Technologies
      • Commercial Roof-Mounted Photovoltaic System Installation Best Practices Review and All Hazard Assessment
      • Residential Electrical Fire Problem: The Data Landscape
      • Archived reports - Electrical
    • Emergency respondersExpand sub-navigation
      • Firefighting Foams: Fire Service Roadmap
      • NFPA 1700 Training Materials: Development of Training Materials to Support the Implementation of NFPA 1700, Guide for Structural Fire Fighting
      • Literature Review on Spaceport Fire Safety
      • An Analysis of Public Safety Call Answering and Event Processing Times
      • Development of real-time particulate and toxic gas sensors for firefighter health and safety
      • Economic Impact of Firefighter Injuries in the United States
      • Evaluating Data and Voice Signals in Pathway Survivable Cables for Life Safety Systems
      • Fire and Emergency Service Personnel Knowledge and Skills Proficiency
      • Firefighter fatalitiesExpand sub-navigation
        • Incidents with Three or More Firefighter Deaths
        • Firefighter deaths by cause and nature of injury table
        • Firefighter deaths by type of duty table
        • Firefighter deaths table
        • Deadliest fires with 5 or more firefighter deaths at the fire ground table
        • Incidents resulting in the deaths of 8 or more firefighters table
        • Top 10 Deadliest Wildland Firefighter Fatality Incidents table
      • Firefighter Immersive Learning Environment (FILE)
      • Fireground Exposure of Firefighters A Literature Review
      • Flammable refrigerants firefighter training: Hazard assessment and demonstrative testing
      • Next Generation Smart and Connected Fire Fighter System
      • Public Safety Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) Compliance Training: Literature Review & Use Case Study
      • Renovation Needs of the US Fire Service
      • Review of Emergency Responder Standard Operating Procedures/Guidelines (SOP/SOG)
      • Patterns of Female Firefighter Injuries on the Fireground
      • Firefighter Injuries on the Fireground
      • Volunteer firefighter injuries
      • Needs assessment of US Fire ServiceExpand sub-navigation
        • Needs Assessment Tool
        • Needs Assessment Tool
      • Evaluation of the Performance of Station Wear Worn under a NFPA 1971 Structural Fire Fighter Protective Ensemble
      • Recommendations for Developing and Implementing a Fire Service Contamination Control Campaign
      • Non-Destructive Assessment of Outer Shell Degradation for Firefighter Turnouts
      • Fire Fighter Equipment Operational Environment: Evaluation of Thermal Conditions
      • Developing a Research Roadmap for the Smart Fire Fighter of the FutureExpand sub-navigation
        • Smart Fire Fighting Workshop report
      • Evaluation and Enhancement of Fire Fighter PASS EffectivenessSection Page
      • Development of Permeation Test Method for Zippers and Other Closures
      • Evaluation of Intrinsic Safety for Emergency Responder Electronic Safety Equipment
      • Canadian Fire Department Profile
      • U.S. fire department profile
      • Fire Department Roadway Incidents
      • Automotive Fire Apparatus Tire Replacement
      • Risk-Based Decision Support in Managing Unwanted Alarms
      • False alarm activity in the U.S.
      • Fire department calls table
      • Impact of Fixed Fire Fighting Systems on Road Tunnel Resilience, Ventilation and Other Systems
      • High Hazard Flammable Trains (HHFT) On-Scene Incident Commander Field Guide
      • Liquid Petroleum Pipeline Emergencies On-Scene Incident Commander Field Guide
      • Analysis of Recruit Initial Fire Fighter Training Curricula
      • Using Crowdsourcing to Address Electric Vehicle Fires
      • Evaluation of Fire Service Training Fires
      • Evaluation of Fire Flow Methodologies
      • Emergency Response to Incident Involving Electric Vehicle Battery Hazards
      • Development of an Environmental and Economic Assessment Tool (Enveco Tool) for Fire Events
      • Fire Based Mobile Integrated Healthcare and Community Paramedicine (MIH & CP) – Data and Resources
      • Archived reports - Emergency responders
    • Hazardous materialsExpand sub-navigation
      • Combustible Dust Flame Propagation and Quenching in Pipes and Ducts
      • Light Gas (Hydrogen) Dispersion Screening Tool
      • Variables Impacting the Probability and Severity of Dust Explosions in Dust Collectors
      • Evaluation of fire and explosion hazard of nanoparticles
      • Fire Hazard Assessment of Lead-Acid Batteries
      • Influence of particle size and moisture content of wood particulates on deflagration hazard
      • Vapor mitigation testing using fixed water spray system
      • Variables Associated with the Classification of Ammonium Nitrate | NFPA
      • Separation Distances in NFPA Codes and Standards
      • Assessing the List of Typical Oxidizers
      • Evaluation of the Fire Hazard of ASHRAE Class A3 Refrigerants in Commercial Refrigeration Applications
      • Evaluation of LPG Pool Fire Heat Flux
      • Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility Fire Code Gap Analysis
      • Quantifying Heavy Snowfall in NFPA 58
      • Estimation of Fireball Dimensions from NFPA 68
      • LNG model evaluation protocol and validation database update
      • Hydrogen refueling code gap assessment
      • Hazard Assessment of Lithium Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems
      • Lithium ion batteries hazard and use assessment
      • Reduce the risk of IBCs
      • Contain IBC Fire RiskExpand sub-navigation
        • About NFPA 30
        • Information for the media about IBCs
      • Archived reports - Hazardous materials
    • SuppressionExpand sub-navigation
      • Impact of Elevated Walkways in Storage on Sprinkler Protection - Phase 1
      • Impact of Home Fire Sprinkler System Requirements in California
      • Impact of Obstructions on Spray Sprinklers – Phase I
      • Obstructions and Early Suppression Fast Response Sprinklers
      • Review of Oxygen Reduction Systems for Warehouse Storage Applications
      • Sprinkler Protection Guidance for Lithium-Ion Based Energy Storage Systems
      • U.S. Experience with Sprinklers
      • Stakeholder Perceptions of Home Fire Sprinklers
      • Home Fire Sprinkler Cost Assessment
      • Applying Reliability Based Decision Making to ITM Frequency
      • Storage Protection in the Presence of Horizontal Barriers or Solid Shelving – Literature Review
      • Protection of Storage Under Sloped Ceilings
      • Fire Department Connection Inlet Flow Assessment
      • Use of Gaseous Suppression Systems in High Air Flow Environments - Phase 1
      • Quantification of Water Flow Data Adjustments for Sprinkler System Design
      • Water-Based Fire Protection System Tagging Review
      • Sprinkler Protection for Cloud Ceilings
      • Addressing the Performance of Sprinkler Systems: NFPA 25 and Other Strategies
      • Foam Application for High Hazard Flammable Train (HHFT) Fires
      • Impact of Fire Extinguisher Agents on Cultural Resource Materials
      • Protection of Exposed Expanded Group A Plastics
      • Literature Review on Hybrid Fire Suppression Systems
      • Evaluation of Water Additives for Fire Control
      • Archived reports - Suppression
    • Wildland urban interfaceExpand sub-navigation
      • Brush, grass and forest fires
      • Fire ember production from wildland and structural fuels
      • WUI-NITY: a platform for the simulation of wildland-urban interface fire evacuation
      • Wildland/Urban InterfaceExpand sub-navigation
        • Largest loss wildland fires
      • Pathways for Building Fire Spread at the Wildland Urban Interface
      • A Collection of Geospatial Technological Approaches for Wildland and Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Fire Events
    • ProceedingsExpand sub-navigation
      • Flammable refrigerants: Fire Fighter Training Material Development Workshop
      • NFPA Building Safety and Security WorkshopExpand sub-navigation
        • Workshop on School Safety, Codes and Security - December 2014
      • Preparing for Disaster: Workshop on Advancing WUI Resilience
      • Public Safety sUAS Compliance Training Workshop
      • SUPDET 2019
      • Summit on Safe, Independent Living
      • Global Research Update: High Challenge Storage Protection
      • Smart Enforcement Workshop
      • 2022 SUPDET papers
      • SUPDET 2018 presentations
      • SUPDET/AUBE
      • SUPDET 2016 proceedings
      • SUPDET 2015 proceedings
      • Technology Needs for Fire Prevention
      • Workshop for Survey on Usage and Functionality of Smoke Alarms and CO Alarms in Households
      • Big Data and Fire Protection Systems Workshop
      • Power Over the Ethernet (PoE) Summit: Next Steps
      • Workshop: Power Over the Ethernet
      • Workshop on Energy Storage Systems and the Built Environment
      • Marina Shock Hazard Research Planning Workshop
      • Property Insurance Research Group Forum on PV Panel Fire Risk
      • Fire Protection for a Changing World
      • Smart Home Summit
      • Workshop on Smart Buildings and Fire Safety
      • The Next Five Years in Fire and Electrical Safety
      • Resiliency and Emergency Preparedness Workshop
      • Workshop Proceedings on Emergency Responder Vehicles
      • Alternative Fuel Vehicle Safety Summit
      • Fire Hose Workshop in Support of the Technical Committee
      • Competencies for Responders to Incidents of Flammable Liquids in Transport – Developing a Codes and Standards Roadmap
      • HAZMAT Incident Commander Workshop
      • Workshop on Key Performance Capabilities and Competencies for High Hazard Incident Commander
      • Workshop on International Wildfire Risk Reduction
      • Wildland and WUI Fire Research Planning Workshop
      • Wildland Urban Interface Land Use Policy Workshop
      • Economic Impact of Codes and Standards: A Workshop on Needs and Resources
    • NFPA Data Lab
  • ResourcesExpand sub-navigation
    • For emergency respondersExpand sub-navigation
      • Health and wellnessExpand sub-navigation
        • Firefighters and cancer
      • Data and researchExpand sub-navigation
        • Fire statistics
        • Research for emergency responders
        • Needs assessment of U.S. Fire Service
      • High risk hazardsExpand sub-navigation
        • Homeland Security
        • Energy Storage Systems (ESS) and Solar Safety Expand sub-navigation
          • ESS - Frequently asked questions
        • Photovoltaics (PV) Systems
        • Events that involve violence
        • Mass casualty decontamination
        • Confined space
      • Job tools and resourcesExpand sub-navigation
        • Training
        • Public Safety Drone Program
        • Emergency responder mobile apps
        • Standards in action
        • Responder Forum
        • NFPA and sustainabilityExpand sub-navigation
          • Fire safety in a sustainable world
        • Insurance Services Office (ISO)
      • Outreach and advocacy
      • How to get involved
    • Fire Protection Research FoundationExpand sub-navigation
      • About the FoundationExpand sub-navigation
        • Working with us
        • Advisory services
        • Officers & Trustees
        • Research Advisory Committee
        • Foundation Medal
      • SUPDETExpand sub-navigation
        • Terms and conditions
      • Current projectsExpand sub-navigation
        • Campaign for Fire Service Contamination Control
        • An Analysis of Public Safety Call Answering and Event Processing Times
        • Firefighting Foams: Fire Service Roadmap
        • Refrigerants
        • Environmental impact of fire - Research road map
        • WUINITY a platform for the simulation of wildlandurban interface fire evacuation
        • Protection of Storage Under Sloped Ceilings Phase 3
        • Safe Quantity of Open Medical Gas Storage in a Smoke Compartment
        • PPE and Fire Service Gear Cleaning Validation
        • Stranded Energy within Lithium-Ion Batteries
        • Fire Fighter Flammable Refrigerant Training
        • Influence of wood particulate size and moisture content on deflagration hazard
        • Enhancing Incident Commander Competencies for Management of Incidents Involving Pipeline and Rail Car Spills of Flammable Liquids
      • Research reports
      • NFPA Research Fund
      • Student project initiative
      • Research planningExpand sub-navigation
        • Property Insurance Research Group
      • Newsletter
      • The Fire Protection Research Foundation's 40th Anniversary
    • Community Risk Reduction (CRR)Expand sub-navigation
      • CRAIG 1300
      • NFPA Community Risk Assessment Pilot Project
      • Frequently asked questions
    • Library & ArchivesExpand sub-navigation
      • About the NFPA Research Library and Archives
      • Search the Library catalog
      • FAQ/facts and lore
    • Fire education programs
  • Publications and mediaExpand sub-navigation
    • NFPA Journal®Expand sub-navigation
      • 2023
      • 2022
      • 2021Expand sub-navigation
        • Fall 2021Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • Research: Older, Alone, At Risk
            • Outreach: Action Now
            • Wildfire: Closing the Gaps
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • The New NFPA 1700Expand sub-navigation
              • Still Hot
            • Great Boston Fire
            • ESS Guidance NeededExpand sub-navigation
              • Power Struggle
              • ESS Protection Research
            • Prepped for TakeoffExpand sub-navigation
              • Beyond Batteries
            • Fire Progress Report
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • Cyber Safe
            • Venue Safety
            • EVs and the NEC
            • Oxygen Risk
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches: Group EffortExpand sub-navigation
              • 911 Anniversary
              • Miami Building Collapse
              • Miami Building Collapse
              • Danger of Fireworks
              • Confined Space Deaths
              • Briefs - Fall 2021
              • Chirps and Beeps
              • Drone Smarts
              • Texas Kennel Fire
              • Milan Facade Fire
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word: Where We're At
            • Perspectives: In My Tribe
        • Summer 2021Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • Research: Workplace Worry
            • Outreach: Consistency Matters
            • Wildfire: Emotional Rescue
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • Class of 2022
            • Connecting the CRR Dots
            • Safety FirstExpand sub-navigation
              • Still Hot
            • Sri Lanka Cargo Ship Fire
            • Battered Batteries
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • Secondary Power
            • The Silent Killer
            • The NEC and Cybersecurity
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches: Deadly TrendExpand sub-navigation
              • RV Fire Safety
              • Electric Shock Injuries
              • A New Approach to ITM
              • International: Summer 2021
              • Briefs: Summer 2021
            • Firewatch: Summer 2021
            • Looking Back: Dinner Disaster
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word: Danger & Potential
            • Perspectives: Awakening
        • Winter 2021Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • Research: Older, Alone, At Risk
            • Outreach: Preventing the Preventable
            • Wildfire: Real Answers
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • ESS Guidance NeededExpand sub-navigation
              • Power Struggle
              • ESS Protection Research
            • Century of SafetyExpand sub-navigation
              • Still Hot
            • Ultra UrbanExpand sub-navigation
              • Beyond Batteries
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • Secondary Power
            • The COVID Effect
            • EVs and the NEC
            • Adapting to Change
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches: Our Future, Our FloodsExpand sub-navigation
              • NFPA Journal Editors’ Picks
              • Miami Building Collapse
              • Mine Blast
              • Danger of Fireworks
              • Confined Space Deaths
              • Briefs - Fall 2021
              • Drone Smarts
              • Global Wildfire Deaths
              • Fire on the Ranch
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word: Where We're At
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • Firefighter Fatalities in 2020
            • First Word: Where We're At
        • Spring 2021Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • Research: Green Questions
            • Outreach: Beyond the Burns
            • Wildfire: That's Rich
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • Weak SpotsExpand sub-navigation
              • Cyber Lab
              • The Cybersecurity Knowledge Race
              • Big Targets
            • Dust Disaster
            • Safer Sets
            • Disrupting the flow
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • Test Questions
            • Tall Changes
            • All About Listing
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches: Lights OutExpand sub-navigation
              • Home Fires Report
              • Under Attack
              • 'General Negligence'
              • International
              • NFPA News in Brief
            • Firewatch
            • Looking Back: Unstoppable
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word: Hello 2021!
            • Perspectives: Fitting In
      • 2020Expand sub-navigation
        • November December 2020Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • Research: Data United
            • Outreach: First Person
            • Wildfire: Snap To
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • The Wildfire Crisis
            • Firefighter Injuries in the United States in 2019
            • Large-Loss Fires in the United States in 2019
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • Hot Topic
            • Purell Protection: Part I
            • Expanded Requirements
            • Purell Protection: Part II
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches: Vanishing ActExpand sub-navigation
              • Briefs: Faces of Fire Electrical
              • Fire Service Diversity
              • International: Beirut blast measured
              • Oddities: November/December 2020
            • Firewatch: November/December 2020
            • Looking Back: Hospital Blaze
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word: Wildfire Reckoning
            • Perspectives: Safety for the Afflicted
        • September October 2020Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • Responder: One Last Run
            • Outreach: Fire Prevention Week
            • Wildfire: A Giant Step
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • Introducing NFPA LiNK
            • Disasters + COVIDExpand sub-navigation
              • Space Crunch
            • Fire Loss in the United States in 2019
            • Catastrophic Fires and Explosions in the United States in 2019Expand sub-navigation
              • Catastrophic Multiple-Death Fires and Explosions by Type in 2019
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • Simplifying Survivability
            • Door Safe
            • 'Game Changer'
            • Unacceptable Obstructions
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches: Beirut BlastExpand sub-navigation
              • Briefs: Viral Distortion
              • ESS Reports
              • International: Wildlife Toll
              • Oddities: September/October 2020
            • Firewatch: September/October 2020
            • Looking Back: Schoolhouse Disaster
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word: Crucial Link
            • Perspectives: History Lost
        • July August 2020Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • Responder: Fighting for EMS
            • Research: Thinking Tall
            • Outreach: Getting the Message
            • Wildfire: Prep Dedication
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • A COVID Opening
            • Crowd ControlExpand sub-navigation
              • Too Close for Comfort
            • Report: Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 2019Expand sub-navigation
              • Selected 2019 US Firefighter Fatality Incidents
            • Remote Video Inspection RevolutionExpand sub-navigation
              • Too Close for Comfort
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • Alarm Timing
            • Life safety during the reopening
            • Emerging and timely hazards
            • Establishing water supply
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches: Two Steps Back?Expand sub-navigation
              • Briefs: Viral Distortion
              • International: Promises Made
              • 2020 Tech Session Recap
              • Wide Shot: Burning Anger
            • Firewatch: July/August 2020
            • Looking Back: On the Waterfront
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word: The Push Forward
            • Perspectives: Wildfire Prep Pro
        • May June 2020
        • March April 2020
        • January February 2020Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • Responder: The Volunteer Crisis
            • Research: We Are the World
            • Outreach: Why It Matters
            • Wildfire: Power Off
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • Stranded EnergyExpand sub-navigation
              • Beyond EVs
              • Addressing Stranded Energy Starts with Learning More About It
            • The International Hospital Fire ProblemExpand sub-navigation
              • Game Changers
            • The EMS RevolutionExpand sub-navigation
              • Lessons Learned From MIH Experts
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • Loudspeaker Circuit Survivability
            • Safe Service Work
            • Sprinklers and ESS
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches: Lights OutExpand sub-navigation
              • The Augusta Project
              • Safe Drones
              • International
              • Casey Grant retires
            • Firewatch, March/April 2020
            • Looking Back: Behind Bars
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word: Sprinklers Now
            • Perspectives: Guarding the Getty
      • 2019Expand sub-navigation
        • November December 2019Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • You Don't Know NFPA
            • Small Steps Matter
            • 'Tis the Season
            • Beyond Blame
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • The Worcester Cold Storage FireExpand sub-navigation
              • Game Changers
            • 2018 Large-Loss Fires and Explosions in the United States ReportExpand sub-navigation
              • Large Loss incidents
              • Wildfire Sidebar
            • 2018 U.S. Firefighter Injuries ReportExpand sub-navigation
              • Selected 2018 US Firefighter Injury Incidents
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • Risk Analysis Value
            • NEC additions on reconditioned equipment
            • Nonmetallic tubes: No longer a pipe dream
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches: Brazil BurningExpand sub-navigation
              • Casey Grant retires
              • Cocoanut Grove film
              • International: Again, Russian mall fires spark outcry, suspicion
              • UFF
              • Urban Fire Forum recap
              • Wide Shot
            • Firewatch
            • Looking Back: Lame Horse
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word
            • Perspectives: Exiting Smarter
        • September October 2019Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • First Responder
            • Research: From Paupers to Kings
            • Outreach: Great Escapes
            • Wildfire: Weak Links
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • Marine Vessel Fires
            • 2018 Fire Loss in the United States report
            • Old Book, New MuseumExpand sub-navigation
              • Code Factor
            • 2018 Catastrophic Multiple-Death Fires ReportExpand sub-navigation
              • Origin Story
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • NFPA 72
            • NFPA 101
            • NFPA 70
            • NFPA 13
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches: School SpiritExpand sub-navigation
              • Beyond Fire
              • International: Weak Link
              • Smokey Turns 75
              • Sushi fires
            • Firewatch
            • Looking Back
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word
            • Perspectives: The First 12 Minutes
            • Feedback
        • July August 2019Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • First Responder
            • Research: Wake-Up Call
            • Outreach: New Day, Old Challenge
            • Wildfire: Same As It Ever Was
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • Safe Escape
            • Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 2018Expand sub-navigation
              • Selected 2018 US Firefighter Fatality Incidents
            • Big AssistExpand sub-navigation
              • Code Factor
            • Chasing the ChatterExpand sub-navigation
              • Origin Story
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • NFPA 72
            • NFPA 101
            • NFPA 70
            • NFPA 13
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • DispatchesExpand sub-navigation
              • Codes & Standards: It Don't Come Easy
              • International: Bridging Borders
              • Wildfire
            • Firewatch
            • Looking Back
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word
            • Perspectives
        • May June 2019Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • Wildfire: Letter from Paradise
            • Outreach
            • Research
            • First Responder
            • International
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • Front and Center
            • 2020 NEC Changes
            • Smart Building Systems
            • What is CRR?
            • 2020 NFPA 25 Changes
            • Energy Storage Systems
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • NFPA 72
            • NFPA 101
            • NFPA 70
            • NFPA 13
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches
            • Firewatch
            • Looking Back
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word
            • Perspectives
            • Feedback
        • March April 2019Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • Research
            • Wildfire: One Day, One Thing
            • Outreach
            • First Responder
            • International
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • Protecting Parking Garages
            • Cold Storage Safety
            • Regulating Modular Construction
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • NFPA 72
            • NFPA 101
            • NFPA 70
            • NFPA 13
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • DispatchesExpand sub-navigation
              • Briefs
            • Firewatch
            • Looking Back
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word
            • Perspectives: Hot Seat
        • January February 2019Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • First Responder
            • Wildfire
            • International
            • Outreach
            • Research
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • The Toll of Violence
            • Health Care Trends
            • Mind the Gap
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • NFPA 72
            • NFPA 101
            • NFPA 70
            • NFPA 13
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches
            • Firewatch
            • Looking Back
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word
            • Perspectives: 135 Minutes
      • 2018Expand sub-navigation
        • November December 2018Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • Safety Policy
            • Research
            • International
            • Outreach
            • Wildfire
            • First Responder
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • The Critter Life Safety Code
            • Shantytown Safety
            • Large-Loss Fires 2017
            • US Firefighter Injuries 2017
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • NFPA 72
            • NFPA 101
            • NFPA 70E
            • NFPA 13
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches
            • Firewatch
            • Looking Back
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word
            • Perspectives
            • Feedback
        • September October 2018Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • Outreach
            • Research
            • First Responder
            • International
            • Safety Policy
            • Wildfire
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • Protecting Campus
            • Restoring Order
            • 2017 Catastrophic Multiple Death Fire Report
            • 2017 US Fire Loss Report
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • NFPA 72
            • NFPA 101
            • NFPA 70
            • NFPA 13
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches
            • Firewatch
            • Looking Back
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word
            • Perspectives
            • Feedback
        • July August 2018Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • First Responder
            • Outreach
            • International
            • Research
            • Safety Policy
            • Wildfire
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • Managing Magnitude
            • The Airbnb Challenge
            • The Cannabis Industry
            • Firefighter Fatalities
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • NFPA 72
            • NFPA 101
            • NFPA 70E
            • NFPA 13
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches
            • Firewatch
            • Looking Back
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word
            • Perspectives
        • May June 2018Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • Outreach
            • Safety Policy
            • International
            • Research
            • First Responder
            • Wildfire
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • Writing History
            • Energy Storage Systems
            • NEC: Staying Current
            • NFPA 13 gets a Makeover
            • NFPA 72 Changes
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • NFPA 72
            • NFPA 101
            • NFPA 70
            • NFPA 25
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches
            • Firewatch
            • Looking Back
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word
            • Perspectives
        • March April 2018Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • Outreach
            • Safety Policy
            • International
            • Research
            • First Responder
            • Wildfire
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • Spaceports
            • Safe Distilling
            • UL Smoke alarm
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • NFPA 72
            • NFPA 101
            • NFPA 70
            • NFPA 13
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches
            • Firewatch
            • Looking Back
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word
            • Perspectives
            • Feedback
        • January February 2018Expand sub-navigation
          • ColumnsExpand sub-navigation
            • Outreach
            • Safety Policy
            • International
            • Research
            • First Responder
            • Wildfire
          • FeaturesExpand sub-navigation
            • Build. Burn. Repeat?
            • Ambulance or Uber?
            • The Evidence for Evidence-Based Design
            • Comfortably Numb
          • In ComplianceExpand sub-navigation
            • NFPA 72
            • NFPA 101
            • NFPA 70
            • NFPA 4
          • News and AnalysisExpand sub-navigation
            • Dispatches
            • Firewatch
            • Looking Back
          • POVExpand sub-navigation
            • First Word
            • Perspectives
      • 2015
      • 2014
      • 2011
      • Author Index
      • Content Disclaimer
      • Archived Issues
      • About NFPA Journal
      • Journal Mobile App
      • Search Results
    • NFPA Journal® Latinoamericano
    • NFPA blogs
    • Press RoomExpand sub-navigation
      • News releasesExpand sub-navigation
        • 2023Expand sub-navigation
          • 03/22/2023
          • 03/22/2023
          • 03/14/2023
          • 03/09/2023
          • 03/08/2023
          • 03/01/2023
          • 02/22/2023
          • 02/15/2023
          • 02/10/2023
          • 01/31/2023
          • 01/23/2023
          • 01/18/2023
          • 01/17/2023
          • 01/13/2023
          • 01/04/2023
        • 2022Expand sub-navigation
          • 12/15/2022
          • 12/14/2022
          • 12/13/2022
          • 12/12/2022
          • 11/16/2022
          • 10/26/2022
          • 10/25/2022
          • 10/24/2022
          • 10/21/2022
          • 10/06/2022
          • 10/06/2022
          • 09/30/2022
          • 09/22.2022
          • 09/15/2022
          • 09/09/2022
          • 08/31/2022
          • 08/29/2022
          • 08/24/2022
          • 08/23/2022
          • 08/15/2022
          • 08/10/2022
          • 08/09/2022
          • 08/05/2022
          • 07/21/2022
          • 07/19/2022
          • 07/15/2022
          • 07/14/2022
          • 06/23/2022
          • 06/16/2022
          • 06/15/2022
          • 06/14/2022
          • 06/14/2022
          • 06/09/2022
          • 06/06/2022
          • 06/06/2022
          • 06/06/2022
          • 06/06/2022
          • 06/06/2022
          • 06/06/2022
          • 05/26/2022
          • 05/19/2022
          • 05/17/2022
          • 05/16/2022
          • 05/12/2022
          • 05/09/2022
          • 05/05/2022
          • 05/02.2022
          • 04/28/2022
          • 03/31/2022
          • 03/24/2022
          • 03/22/2022
          • 03/18/2022
          • 03/16/2022
          • 03/16/2022
          • 03/14/2022
          • 03/11/2022
          • 03/10/2022
          • 03/01/2022
          • 02/24/2022
          • 02/23/2022
          • 02/22/2022
          • 01/31/2022
          • 01/31/2022
          • 01/27/2022
          • 01/27/2022
          • 01/19/2022
          • 01/12/2022
          • 01/05/2022
          • 01/03/2022
        • 2021Expand sub-navigation
          • 12/17/2021
          • 12/15/2021
          • 12/15/2021
          • 12/14/2021
          • 12/08/2021
          • 12/07/2021
          • 12/06/2021
          • 12/02/2021
          • 11/15/2021
          • 11/11/2021
          • 11/01/2021
          • 10/28/2021
          • 10/27/2021
          • 10/25/2021
          • 10/21/2021
          • 10/20/2021
          • 10/01/2021
          • 09/30/2021
          • 09/30/2021
          • 09/28/2021
          • 09/23/2021
          • 09/17/2021
          • 09/08/2021
          • 08/26/2021
          • 08/16/2021
          • 08/11/2021
          • 08/10/2021
          • 08/05/2021
          • 08/04/2021
          • 07/21/2021
          • 07/13/2021
          • 06/30/2021
          • 06/28/2021
          • 06/24/2021
          • 06/24/2021
          • 06/23/2021
          • 06/23/2021
          • 06/17/2021
          • 06/17/2021
          • 06/10/2021
          • 06/08/2021
          • 06/07/2021
          • 06/03.2021
          • 05/27/2021
          • 05/24/2021
          • 05/20/2021
          • 05/20/2021
          • 05/18/2021
          • 05/18/2021
          • 05/13/2021
          • 05/13/2021
          • 05/04/2021
          • 05/03/2021
          • 04/29/2021
          • 04/28/2021
          • 04/20/2021
          • 04/14/2021
          • 04/07/2021
          • 03/30/2021
          • 03/17/2021
          • 03/16/2021
          • 03/16/2021
          • 03/15/2021
          • 03/11/2021
          • 03/10/2021
          • 03/05/2021
          • 03/03/2021
          • 02/22/2021
          • 02/17/2021
          • 02/17/2021
          • 02/10/2021
          • 02/08/2021
          • 02/03/2021
          • 01/25/2021
          • 01/22/2021
          • 01/21/2021
          • 01/19/2020
          • 01/15/2021
          • 01/13/2021
          • 01/12/2021
          • 01/11/2021
      • Breaking news
      • Story ideas
      • A Reporter's Guide to Fire and the NFPAExpand sub-navigation
        • About codes and standards
        • All about fire
        • The consequences of fire
        • Firefighters are first responders
        • Glossary
        • Key fire safety tips
    • NFPA Xchange™
    • Sign up for NFPA Network
    • The NFPA Podcast
    • Advertising
  1. News & Research
  2. Publications and media
  3. NFPA Journal®
  4. 2019
  5. November December 2019
  6. News and Analysis
  7. Dispatches: Brazil Burning
  8. UFF

UFF

About NFPA

  • Overview
  • Leadership
  • Careers
  • International
  • Offices
  • Directions
  • Grants & Awards

Quick Links

  • Codes & Standards
  • News & Research
  • Training & Events
  • Public Education
  • Membership
  • Catalog
  • Newsletter
  • Press Room
  • Xchange™ (online community)
  • NFPA Fire & Life Safety Ecosystem
  • NFPA LiNK®
  • Alternative Fuel Vehicle Safety
  • Free Access
  • Fire Sprinkler Initiative
  • Firewise USA®
  • NFCSS

Help

  • Customer Support
  • Accessibility
  • Contact Us
Facebook Twitter LinkedIn YouTube Xchange  Pinterest  Instagram
oter>
National Fire Protection Association

Terms of Use Privacy Policy © National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 2022